TB-500

1. Studied for

   How the molecule works: gripping actin

   Cells build and rebuild an internal scaffold out of a protein called actin, and rearranging that scaffold is how cells change shape and crawl. Biochemical work identified thymosin beta-4 as the same molecule as a previously described platelet peptide called Fx, and showed it forms a 1:1 complex with actin building blocks in a way that blocks them from assembling into scaffolding. Later work using chemically made variants of the full protein mapped the actin contact to 2 separate parts: a front section (residues 1 to 16) that has to coil into a helix, and a motif of 6 amino acids at residues 17 to 22, with 2 specific lysine residues, number 18 in the motif and number 14 in the helix, appearing important for binding. A solution NMR study of mutants, carried out in 60% trifluoroethanol (a helix-promoting, non-physiological solvent, which is a real limitation on how far those conformations generalize), placed the first helix at residues 5 to 16 and reported that letting it extend over the LKK segment abolishes activity. The LKKTETQ sequence carried by TB-500 spans residues 17 to 23 of mature thymosin beta-4 and therefore contains this mapped motif. This is the mechanistic reason the fragment is studied. These are biochemistry and solution NMR experiments, not X-ray crystallography, and thymosin beta-4 is an intrinsically disordered protein. IN VITRO purified protein and chemically synthesized peptide variants studied in vitro by biochemistry and solution NMR Preclinical strong Convergent results from more than one independent laboratory across more than one experimental system. Still preclinical: 'strong' here never means clinical-grade evidence in people. Open for the full finding and the paper it came from.

   In the literature

   How the molecule works: gripping actin

   Cells build and rebuild an internal scaffold out of a protein called actin, and rearranging that scaffold is how cells change shape and crawl. Biochemical work identified thymosin beta-4 as the same molecule as a previously described platelet peptide called Fx, and showed it forms a 1:1 complex with actin building blocks in a way that blocks them from assembling into scaffolding. Later work using chemically made variants of the full protein mapped the actin contact to 2 separate parts: a front section (residues 1 to 16) that has to coil into a helix, and a motif of 6 amino acids at residues 17 to 22, with 2 specific lysine residues, number 18 in the motif and number 14 in the helix, appearing important for binding. A solution NMR study of mutants, carried out in 60% trifluoroethanol (a helix-promoting, non-physiological solvent, which is a real limitation on how far those conformations generalize), placed the first helix at residues 5 to 16 and reported that letting it extend over the LKK segment abolishes activity. The LKKTETQ sequence carried by TB-500 spans residues 17 to 23 of mature thymosin beta-4 and therefore contains this mapped motif. This is the mechanistic reason the fragment is studied. These are biochemistry and solution NMR experiments, not X-ray crystallography, and thymosin beta-4 is an intrinsically disordered protein.^{References 1, 2, 3}

   Modelpurified protein and chemically synthesized peptide variants studied in vitro by biochemistry and solution NMR

   Confidence: strong

   Convergent results from more than one independent laboratory across more than one experimental system. Still preclinical: 'strong' here never means clinical-grade evidence in people.

   Source

   Safer D, Elzinga M, Nachmias VT. Thymosin beta 4 and Fx, an actin-sequestering peptide, are indistinguishable. J Biol Chem. 1991;266(7):4029-4032. PMID 1999398. Van Troys M, Dewitte D, Goethals M, Carlier MF, Vandekerckhove J, Ampe C. The actin binding site of thymosin beta 4 mapped by mutational analysis. EMBO J. 1996;15(2):201-210. PMID 8617195. Simenel C, Van Troys M, Vandekerckhove J, Ampe C, Delepierre M. Structural requirements for thymosin beta4 in its contact with actin. An NMR-analysis of thymosin beta4 mutants in solution and correlation with their biological activity. Eur J Biochem. 2000;267(12):3530-3538. PMID 10848969.

   PubMed 1999398 PubMed 8617195 PubMed 10848969

   How this citation was checked

   esummary was queried live in the source research pass for all 3 PMIDs and returned exactly the author orders, titles, journals, years, volumes, issues and pages written above. efetch abstracts confirmed the specific wording relied on: Safer 1991 states thymosin beta 4 is 'functionally equivalent to Fx, forming a 1:1 complex with actin monomers and inhibiting polymerization'; Van Troys 1996 states 'The N-terminal part (residues 1-16) and a hexapeptide motif (residues 17-22) form separate structural entities' and that 'electrostatic contacts between actin and lysine residues 18, in the motif, and 14, in the N-terminal alpha-helix, appear important for binding', so the softer verb 'appear important' is used here rather than a firmer one; Simenel 2000 opens 'by NMR spectroscopy in 60% (v/v) trifluoroethanol', places helix I at 'residues 5-16', names 'the LKKTET segment (residues 17-22)', and states 'an extension of helix I at its C-terminal end over the LKK-segment results in loss of activity'. The trifluoroethanol condition is stated in the finding because omitting it would misdescribe the study design. Residues 17 to 23 for LKKTETQ were confirmed by locating the segment in the UniProt P62328 mature sequence programmatically. On independence: these 3 references represent 2 independent groups, not 3, because Van Troys 1996 and Simenel 2000 share 3 authors (Van Troys, Vandekerckhove, Ampe). The strong rating rests on Safer 1991 being fully independent, on convergent methods (biochemistry, mutagenesis, NMR), and on this being settled textbook biochemistry.

2. Studied for

   Dry eye: a randomized human trial

   Read the identity note first, because it governs everything in this entry: this trial tested full-length thymosin beta-4 formulated as an eye drop. That is a different molecule and a different formulation from the TB-500 fragment, so nothing here is evidence about TB-500, and no safety or effectiveness conclusion carries across. In that trial, a thymosin beta-4 ophthalmic solution (RGN-259) was studied in 72 people with moderate to severe dry eye in a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled Phase 2 study using a controlled adverse environment model, over a 28-day period. The trial did not meet either of its main goals: the published report states that neither ocular discomfort nor inferior corneal staining differed significantly between the active and control groups at visit 5. Among the secondary measures, discomfort scores in the controlled adverse environment on day 28 were reported reduced by 27% in the active group compared with placebo (P=0.0244), and central and superior corneal staining showed statistically significant improvement versus control (P=0.0075 and P=0.0210). The confidence rating below describes the strength of the study DESIGN, a randomized placebo-controlled human trial, and not the strength of any effect: this trial's primary endpoints were not met. Eye research is where the most human interventional work on thymosin beta-4 sits, and all of it is topical eye work. HUMAN a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled human trial in 72 people, using a topical eye formulation of the full-length parent protein Preclinical strong Convergent results from more than one independent laboratory across more than one experimental system. Still preclinical: 'strong' here never means clinical-grade evidence in people. Open for the full finding and the paper it came from.

   In the literature

   Dry eye: a randomized human trial

   Read the identity note first, because it governs everything in this entry: this trial tested full-length thymosin beta-4 formulated as an eye drop. That is a different molecule and a different formulation from the TB-500 fragment, so nothing here is evidence about TB-500, and no safety or effectiveness conclusion carries across. In that trial, a thymosin beta-4 ophthalmic solution (RGN-259) was studied in 72 people with moderate to severe dry eye in a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled Phase 2 study using a controlled adverse environment model, over a 28-day period. The trial did not meet either of its main goals: the published report states that neither ocular discomfort nor inferior corneal staining differed significantly between the active and control groups at visit 5. Among the secondary measures, discomfort scores in the controlled adverse environment on day 28 were reported reduced by 27% in the active group compared with placebo (P=0.0244), and central and superior corneal staining showed statistically significant improvement versus control (P=0.0075 and P=0.0210). The confidence rating below describes the strength of the study DESIGN, a randomized placebo-controlled human trial, and not the strength of any effect: this trial's primary endpoints were not met. Eye research is where the most human interventional work on thymosin beta-4 sits, and all of it is topical eye work.^{References 4, 5, 6, 7}

   Modela randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled human trial in 72 people, using a topical eye formulation of the full-length parent protein

   Confidence: strong

   Convergent results from more than one independent laboratory across more than one experimental system. Still preclinical: 'strong' here never means clinical-grade evidence in people.

   Source

   Sosne G, Ousler GW. Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE) model. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015;9:877-884. PMID 26056426. Registered as ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01387347 (Phase 2, status COMPLETED, actual enrollment 72). Mechanistic background only: Sosne G, Qiu P, Kurpakus-Wheater M. Thymosin beta 4: a novel corneal wound healing and anti-inflammatory agent. Clin Ophthalmol. 2007;1(3):201-207. PMID 19668473, which is a review article and not a trial report. A separate Phase 2 study of thymosin beta 4 in corneal wounds after epithelial debridement during vitrectomy was registered but TERMINATED (NCT00598871); it is listed for completeness and is not offered as evidence.

   PubMed 26056426 Source PubMed 19668473 Source

   How this citation was checked

   esummary was queried live in the source research pass and returned Sosne G, Ousler GW; Clin Ophthalmol; 2015; volume 9; pages 877-84. efetch of the abstract confirmed the primary-endpoint miss verbatim ('Neither of the primary endpoints, ie, ocular discomfort or inferior corneal staining, showed a significant difference between treatment and control groups at visit 5'), the 72 subjects randomized 1:1, the 28-day period, and the 27% figure with P=0.0244 plus P=0.0075 and P=0.0210. The ClinicalTrials.gov API v2 returned NCT01387347 as PHASE2, COMPLETED, RANDOMIZED, actual enrollment 72, and NCT00598871 as PHASE2, TERMINATED, whyStopped 'slow recruitment', actual enrollment 12. The registry lists masking as QUADRUPLE while the paper says double-masked; this entry follows the paper. esummary confirmed PMID 19668473 as Sosne G, Qiu P, Kurpakus-Wheater M, Clin Ophthalmol 2007, volume 1, issue 3, pages 201-7, and efetch confirmed from its abstract that it is a review, so it supports mechanism background only and no outcome; its published title carries the words 'anti-inflammatory' and is reproduced unaltered, but no inflammation claim is drawn from it anywhere on this page and no benefit category links it. The abstract's sentence 'No adverse events were observed' was deliberately NOT carried into the finding: it is a human safety outcome for a different molecule by a different route, and on a page about TB-500 it would read as a safety reassurance that the evidence does not support.

3. Studied for

   Dermal wound healing, angiogenesis and collagen deposition

   In rats with full-thickness skin wounds, thymosin beta-4, the full-length parent protein rather than the TB-500 fragment, was reported to speed up the regrowth of the skin surface: 42% more regrowth than saline controls at 4 days and as much as 61% more at 7 days. The wounds that received it were also reported to contract at least 11% more than controls by day 7, with more collagen laid down and more new blood vessel growth seen in those wounds. In the same report, skin cells in a laboratory migration chamber moved 2 to 3 times more than with plain culture medium. This is preclinical animal and cell observation only. IN VITRO RODENT rodent (rat full-thickness skin wound) plus in vitro (keratinocytes in culture) Preclinical moderate A well-described result with several independent outcome measures, but from a single laboratory or a single study design. Open for the full finding and the paper it came from.

   In the literature

   Dermal wound healing, angiogenesis and collagen deposition

   In rats with full-thickness skin wounds, thymosin beta-4, the full-length parent protein rather than the TB-500 fragment, was reported to speed up the regrowth of the skin surface: 42% more regrowth than saline controls at 4 days and as much as 61% more at 7 days. The wounds that received it were also reported to contract at least 11% more than controls by day 7, with more collagen laid down and more new blood vessel growth seen in those wounds. In the same report, skin cells in a laboratory migration chamber moved 2 to 3 times more than with plain culture medium. This is preclinical animal and cell observation only.^{References 8}

   Modelrodent (rat full-thickness skin wound) plus in vitro (keratinocytes in culture)

   Confidence: moderate

   A well-described result with several independent outcome measures, but from a single laboratory or a single study design.

   Source

   Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, Banaudha K, Maheshwari RK, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. PMID 10469335.

   PubMed 10469335

   How this citation was checked

   esummary was queried live in the source research pass and returned all 7 authors in the stated order, the title, J Invest Dermatol, 1999 Sep, volume 113, issue 3, pages 364-8. efetch of the full abstract confirmed every figure quoted here word for word: 'increased reepithelialization by 42% over saline controls at 4 d and by as much as 61% at 7 d post-wounding', 'contracted at least 11% more than controls by day 7', 'Increased collagen deposition and angiogenesis were observed in the treated wounds', and 'migration was stimulated 2-3-fold over migration with medium alone'. The rat full-thickness wound model is named in the abstract. The abstract also contains the sentence 'We also found that Tbeta4 stimulated keratinocyte migration in the Boyden chamber assay', confirming the assay attribution. Confidence is held at moderate because this is one laboratory and one report.

4. Studied for

   Cardiac cell migration, survival and repair

   In mice, researchers reported that heart muscle cells and blood vessel cells moved more readily and survived better in the presence of thymosin beta-4, the full-length parent protein rather than the TB-500 fragment. The published report describes the protein promoting cell movement in the embryonic heart and keeping that property in newborn heart muscle cells, and describes better survival of heart muscle cells grown in a dish. It also describes the protein joining with 2 other proteins, PINCH and integrin-linked kinase, to switch on a survival signal called Akt. After a coronary artery was tied off in mice, the protein was reported to raise integrin-linked kinase and Akt activity in the heart, improve early survival of heart muscle cells, and improve heart function in that model. The report's abstract contains no scar-size measurement, so no such claim is made here. This is investigational animal and cell work, and it is not a claim about people. IN VITRO RODENT rodent (mouse, coronary artery tied off) plus in vitro (heart muscle cells in culture) Preclinical moderate A well-described result with several independent outcome measures, but from a single laboratory or a single study design. Open for the full finding and the paper it came from.

   In the literature

   Cardiac cell migration, survival and repair

   In mice, researchers reported that heart muscle cells and blood vessel cells moved more readily and survived better in the presence of thymosin beta-4, the full-length parent protein rather than the TB-500 fragment. The published report describes the protein promoting cell movement in the embryonic heart and keeping that property in newborn heart muscle cells, and describes better survival of heart muscle cells grown in a dish. It also describes the protein joining with 2 other proteins, PINCH and integrin-linked kinase, to switch on a survival signal called Akt. After a coronary artery was tied off in mice, the protein was reported to raise integrin-linked kinase and Akt activity in the heart, improve early survival of heart muscle cells, and improve heart function in that model. The report's abstract contains no scar-size measurement, so no such claim is made here. This is investigational animal and cell work, and it is not a claim about people.^{References 9, 10}

   Modelrodent (mouse, coronary artery tied off) plus in vitro (heart muscle cells in culture)

   Confidence: moderate

   A well-described result with several independent outcome measures, but from a single laboratory or a single study design.

   Source

   Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, Dimaio JM, Srivastava D. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. PMID 15565145. The same group restated this dataset in Srivastava D, Saxena A, Michael Dimaio J, Bock-Marquette I. Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:161-170. PMID 17600280, which is conference proceedings restating the 2004 work, not an independent study.

   PubMed 15565145 PubMed 17600280

   How this citation was checked

   NCBI E-utilities esummary was queried live in the source research pass for both PMIDs. It returned Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, Dimaio JM, Srivastava D; Nature; 2004 Nov 25; volume 432; issue 7016; pages 466-72, and Srivastava D, Saxena A, Michael Dimaio J, Bock-Marquette I; Ann N Y Acad Sci; 2007 Sep; volume 1112; pages 161-70. All match what is written above, including the corrected first author on the 2007 item. efetch of both abstracts confirmed the PINCH and integrin-linked kinase complex, Akt activation, and the verbatim outcome string 'upregulation of ILK and Akt activity in the heart, enhanced early myocyte survival and improved cardiac function'. Neither abstract mentions scar volume, so that claim stays deleted. The 2 references are presented as one evidence line because the 2007 abstract restates the 2004 results almost sentence for sentence, which is also why the rating is moderate rather than strong: it is one dataset from one group, not a replication.

5. Studied for

   Blood vessel cell migration and angiogenesis

   In laboratory dishes, thymosin beta-4, the full-length parent protein rather than the TB-500 fragment, was reported to act as an attractant that pulls blood vessel lining cells toward it, increasing the movement of human umbilical vein endothelial cells 4 to 6 times over medium alone in a standard migration chamber. The same report describes those cells moving faster across a scratched-open gap in a cell layer, producing more of the enzymes that break down surrounding matrix during new vessel growth, and migrating into a gel implanted under the skin of a living animal. The animal's species is not stated in the abstract, so it is left unnamed here. Laboratory and animal observation only. IN VITRO in vitro (human blood vessel lining cells grown in culture) plus an implanted gel in a living animal whose species the abstract does not name Preclinical moderate A well-described result with several independent outcome measures, but from a single laboratory or a single study design. Open for the full finding and the paper it came from.

   In the literature

   Blood vessel cell migration and angiogenesis

   In laboratory dishes, thymosin beta-4, the full-length parent protein rather than the TB-500 fragment, was reported to act as an attractant that pulls blood vessel lining cells toward it, increasing the movement of human umbilical vein endothelial cells 4 to 6 times over medium alone in a standard migration chamber. The same report describes those cells moving faster across a scratched-open gap in a cell layer, producing more of the enzymes that break down surrounding matrix during new vessel growth, and migrating into a gel implanted under the skin of a living animal. The animal's species is not stated in the abstract, so it is left unnamed here. Laboratory and animal observation only.^{References 11}

   Modelin vitro (human blood vessel lining cells grown in culture) plus an implanted gel in a living animal whose species the abstract does not name

   Confidence: moderate

   A well-described result with several independent outcome measures, but from a single laboratory or a single study design.

   Source

   Malinda KM, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FASEB J. 1997;11(6):474-481. PMID 9194528.

   PubMed 9194528

   How this citation was checked

   esummary was queried live in the source research pass and returned Malinda KM, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK; FASEB J; 1997 May; volume 11; issue 6; pages 474-81. efetch of the abstract confirmed the verbatim phrase 'acts as a chemoattractant for endothelial cells, stimulating the migration of HUVECs in Boyden chambers four- to sixfold over that observed with media alone', the scratch-wounded monolayer result, the increased production of matrix metalloproteinases, and 'Additional experiments using subcutaneously implanted Matrigel showed that T beta 4 stimulated cell migration in vivo'. The abstract names no host species for that implant, which is why the coverage limit is stated explicitly in the finding rather than a species being guessed. Malinda, Goldstein and Kleinman are shared authors with the 1999 skin-wound report on this page, so these 2 areas are not independent of each other.

6. Studied for

   What the literature covers, and where it is sparse

   A 2026 scoping review searched PubMed, Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov through March 2026, screened 1,772 records and included 80 studies. It reports that the evidence base leans toward mixed and laboratory-dish designs; that most included studies evaluated the full-length parent protein rather than TB-500, and that direct TB-500 evidence was limited to a single included study; that the best-covered tissue categories were wound and skin, blood vessels, eye and cornea, and bone; and that the musculoskeletal categories people most associate with this compound (tendon, ligament, muscle, cartilage, spine and disc) were comparatively sparse. It also reports that human evidence was concentrated in eye and skin settings. Its stated conclusion is that the mapped literature remains unevenly distributed and largely preclinical, with limited human evidence directly relevant to musculoskeletal uses. This page describes no tendon, ligament, skeletal-muscle, bone or cartilage result at all, and any such effect described elsewhere for this compound comes from animal and laboratory models and remains investigational. a scoping review of 80 studies, weighted toward laboratory-dish and mixed designs Preclinical moderate A well-described result with several independent outcome measures, but from a single laboratory or a single study design. Open for the full finding and the paper it came from.

   In the literature

   What the literature covers, and where it is sparse

   A 2026 scoping review searched PubMed, Europe PMC and ClinicalTrials.gov through March 2026, screened 1,772 records and included 80 studies. It reports that the evidence base leans toward mixed and laboratory-dish designs; that most included studies evaluated the full-length parent protein rather than TB-500, and that direct TB-500 evidence was limited to a single included study; that the best-covered tissue categories were wound and skin, blood vessels, eye and cornea, and bone; and that the musculoskeletal categories people most associate with this compound (tendon, ligament, muscle, cartilage, spine and disc) were comparatively sparse. It also reports that human evidence was concentrated in eye and skin settings. Its stated conclusion is that the mapped literature remains unevenly distributed and largely preclinical, with limited human evidence directly relevant to musculoskeletal uses. This page describes no tendon, ligament, skeletal-muscle, bone or cartilage result at all, and any such effect described elsewhere for this compound comes from animal and laboratory models and remains investigational.^{References 12}

   Modela scoping review of 80 studies, weighted toward laboratory-dish and mixed designs

   Confidence: moderate

   A well-described result with several independent outcome measures, but from a single laboratory or a single study design.

   Source

   McGuire F, Hughes E, Maak TG, Cushman DM. Thymosin Beta-4 and TB-500 in Tissue Healing, Regeneration, and Musculoskeletal Repair: A Scoping Review. Appl Sci. 2026;16(12):6202. DOI 10.3390/app16126202.

   Source

   How this citation was checked

   The Crossref API was queried live in the source research pass on DOI 10.3390/app16126202 and returned exactly this title, these 4 authors in this order (McGuire Flynn, Hughes Emma, Maak Travis, Cushman Daniel M.), Applied Sciences, issued 2026-06-19, volume 16, issue 12, page 6202, type journal-article. COVERAGE LIMIT, stated openly: mdpi.com returns HTTP 403, so the full text could not be read and only abstract-level claims are made. The abstract was retrieved live from the Semantic Scholar Graph API keyed on the same DOI, and it supplies every claim above verbatim, including '1772 records identified, 80 studies were included', 'most studies evaluated TB4 rather than TB-500', 'direct TB-500 evidence was limited to a single included study', the tissue-category ranking, and the closing sentence about the literature remaining 'unevenly distributed and largely preclinical'. The earlier draft's more specific phrasing ('a single mixed experimental study') stays deleted because the abstract does not say 'mixed'. Confidence is held at moderate because the full text remains inaccessible. This row is the page's own coverage map: it is here to say what the literature does NOT reach, and the musculoskeletal categories it names are named as gaps, never as claims.

7. Studied for

   Dry eye: a rodent model

   In mice given experimentally induced dry eye, full-length thymosin beta-4 (again the parent protein, not the TB-500 fragment) was reported to significantly reduce the signs of dry eye compared with controls that received none, judged by a standard dye stain of the eye surface. The study used 5 mice per group over 12 days. This is a single small animal study and preclinical observation only. RODENT rodent (mouse, experimentally induced dry eye), 5 animals per group Preclinical preliminary A single study, an early mechanistic observation, or a result whose interpretation is the authors' own inference. Open for the full finding and the paper it came from.

   In the literature

   Dry eye: a rodent model

   In mice given experimentally induced dry eye, full-length thymosin beta-4 (again the parent protein, not the TB-500 fragment) was reported to significantly reduce the signs of dry eye compared with controls that received none, judged by a standard dye stain of the eye surface. The study used 5 mice per group over 12 days. This is a single small animal study and preclinical observation only.^{References 13}

   Modelrodent (mouse, experimentally induced dry eye), 5 animals per group

   Confidence: preliminary

   A single study, an early mechanistic observation, or a result whose interpretation is the authors' own inference.

   Source

   Sosne G, Kim C, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4 significantly reduces the signs of dryness in a murine controlled adverse environment model of experimental dry eye. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15(Suppl 1):S155-S161. PMID 26096547.

   PubMed 26096547

   How this citation was checked

   esummary was queried live in the source research pass and returned Sosne G, Kim C, Kleinman HK; Expert Opin Biol Ther; 2015; volume 15 Suppl 1; pages S155-61. efetch of the abstract confirmed the murine controlled adverse environment plus scopolamine model, 5 mice per group, a 12-day study, fluorescein staining as the readout, and the sentence 'Tbeta4 significantly reduced the signs of dry eye relative to controls'. The abstract also reports specific concentrations and application frequencies and a comparison against active positive controls; those were deliberately excluded because this dossier states no concentration or schedule figures of any kind. Rated preliminary because it is one small animal study.

2 strong / 4 moderate / 1 preliminaryRated by how many independent labs and how many kinds of experiment found the same thing.